Julius Caesar

Caesar has returned to Rome in triumph, having defeated the sons of Pompey in the final battle of the Roman civil war. Roman citizens greet the news with jubilation, ecstatically pouring into the streets and flooding towards the stadium where the victory celebrations will be held. Two tribunes, Flavius and Marullus, chastise the people for forgetting their previous support of Pompey. The tribunes disband the revellers, and Flavius voices his fear that the rise of Caesar will have an impact on their freedom.

Caesar arrives at the arena with his wife, Calphurnia, his right-hand man, Mark Antony, Senators Brutus, Cassius and Casca, and other supporters. A Soothsayer appears and warns Caesar to “beware the Ides of March” (Act 1, Scene 2) which is March 15^th. Caesar dismisses the Soothsayer and enters the stadium.

Brutus and Cassius stay behind, and Cassius starts telling stories about Caesar’s physical weakness, lamenting that Rome is at risk of becoming an absolute monarchy under Caesar’s rule. Cassius cajoles Brutus, telling him there is no reason Caesar should have more power than Brutus. Brutus agrees that the current “hard conditions” (Act 1, Scene 2) are unacceptable. At that moment, Caesar and his entourage exit the arena. Casca tells Brutus and Cassius that during the ceremony, Mark Antony had offered Caesar the crown three times, and that Caesar had refused to take it.

Later, Casca and Cicero meet in the street. Casca is frightened by a strange storm that has raged across Rome and takes it as a portent of terrible things to come. Cassius arrives and convinces Casca to join a conspiracy against Caesar. Another conspirator, Cinna, agrees to deliver anonymous letters to Brutus, in order to sway him to the cause.

Brutus has decided that for the good of Rome, Caesar must die. Alone in his orchard in the early hours of March 15^th, Brutus justifies his decision to himself. One of the letters that Cassius has concocted arrives, urging Brutus to “speak, strike, redress” (Act 2, Scene 1). Cassius and the other conspirators arrive at Brutus’ house, and Brutus hails the nobility of their cause. Cassius suggests that they should kill Mark Antony as well, but Brutus overrules him. The conspirators leave and Brutus’ wife, Portia, enters, having awoken from her disturbed sleep. She pleads with Brutus to share his thoughts with her, and when he refuses, she discloses that she has cut herself deliberately in her anguish. Brutus yields and vows to tell her everything soon.

Meanwhile, Caesar’s wife, Calphurnia, frightened by dreams and omens, tries to persuade Caesar not to go to the Senate House. He agrees, but changes his mind when Decius, one of the conspirators who has arrived to escort Caesar to the Capitol, reinterprets Calphurnia’s dream in a favourable light.

At the Capitol Cassius is nervous, thinking the plot has been exposed. Brutus reassures him, and the conspirators gather around Caesar. One of the senators pleads for his brother’s banishment to be overturned but Caesar is unmoved, likening himself to the “constant” and “true-fixed” North Star (Act 3, Scene 1). Casca is the first to attack Caesar, and then the other conspirators quickly set upon Caesar and stab him. Caesar is killed.

An emotional Mark Antony enters the building, demanding to know why Caesar was killed. Brutus assures him that it was for the good of Rome and Antony asks permission to speak at Caesar’s funeral. Cassius thinks it’s a bad idea, but Brutus insists it will not harm their cause. In a soliloquy, Antony vows to bring death and destruction to Rome.

Outside at the Forum, the people are angry. Brutus uses logical argument to justify the assassination and briefly wins them over. However, Antony responds with an emotional speech that rouses the mob against the conspirators.Brutus and Cassius flee. A group of angry citizens kill Cinna the poet, mistaking him for Cinna the conspirator.

Antony forms a triumvirate with Octavius Caesar and Lepidus, and they plan the deaths of the conspirators and numerous senators. Brutus and Cassius amass their forces at Sardis (located in modern-day Turkey). In Brutus’ tent, Cassius and Brutus have an emotional argument, accusing each other of betrayal, corruption and damaging their friendship. They eventually reconcile and Brutus announces that his wife Portia has died by suicide, by swallowing hot coals. Cassius suggests lying in wait for the armies of Octavius and Antony, but Brutus convinces him that they should march on Philippi (in modern-day Greece) and meet them there. That night, the ghost of Caesar appears to Brutus and promises they will meet again on the battlefield.

At Philippi, the two sides face off in a tense conversation, then the battle begins. Thinking they are defeated, Cassius orders his servant Pindarus to kill him. Pindarus does so and Cassius dies, but it is then revealed that the news was misleading, as Brutus had gained an advantage. A further battle leads to Brutus’ defeat, and he dies by suicide, asking one of his soldiers to hold his sword, then running on it. Antony and Octavius acknowledge Brutus’ nobility, and arrange to bury him with full honours.